Transformers

Transformers are electrical devices that transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are essential for power distribution and voltage regulation.

Transformer Formula

The formula for a transformer is:


Vp/Vs = Np/Ns

Where:

  • Vp is the primary voltage
  • Vs is the secondary voltage
  • Np is the number of turns in the primary coil
  • Ns is the number of turns in the secondary coil

Understanding Transformers

Transformers consist of two coils of wire, the primary and secondary, wound around a magnetic core. When an AC voltage is applied to the primary coil, it creates a magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

Example Calculation

Consider a transformer with a primary voltage of 120V, a primary coil with 100 turns, and a secondary coil with 50 turns:


Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
120V/Vs = 100/50
Vs = 60V

Applications of Transformers

Transformers are used in:

  • Power distribution
  • Voltage regulation
  • Isolation of circuits

Practice Problems

  1. Calculate the secondary voltage of a transformer with a primary voltage of 240V, a primary coil with 200 turns, and a secondary coil with 100 turns.
  2. Determine the number of turns in the secondary coil of a transformer with a primary voltage of 120V, a secondary voltage of 60V, and a primary coil with 150 turns.

Types of Transformers

There are several types of transformers, including:

  • Step-Up Transformers: Increase the voltage from the primary to the secondary winding.
  • Step-Down Transformers: Decrease the voltage from the primary to the secondary winding.
  • Isolation Transformers: Provide electrical isolation between the primary and secondary windings.

Transformer Equations

The primary and secondary voltages and currents in a transformer are related by the turns ratio (N1/N2):


V1 / V2 = N1 / N2
I1 / I2 = N2 / N1

Where:

  • V1 is the primary voltage
  • V2 is the secondary voltage
  • I1 is the primary current
  • I2 is the secondary current
  • N1 is the number of turns in the primary winding
  • N2 is the number of turns in the secondary winding

Applications of Transformers

Transformers are used in various applications, including:

  • Power Distribution: Transmitting electrical power over long distances.
  • Voltage Regulation: Maintaining a constant voltage level.
  • Isolation: Providing electrical isolation between circuits.

Example Circuit

Here is an example of a simple step-down transformer circuit:


Components:
- Transformer (120V to 12V)
- Load resistor (10 ohms)
- Power supply (120V AC)

Circuit:
1. Connect the primary winding of the transformer to the 120V AC power supply.
2. Connect the secondary winding of the transformer to the load resistor.

The secondary voltage is given by:
V2 = V1 * (N2 / N1)

 

 

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